Causes: · Rats are bitten by infected flea · Flea regurgitates infected material while feeding · Rat contracts a fatal disease called murine or silvatic Plague · Rat dies, flea jumps to nearest warm-blooded host · Human is bitten by infected flea
How it Spread - people were unaware of the causes
-over crowded streets
- lack of hygene - many people did these things to prevent them from getting the disease
-burning incense
-dipping handkerchiefs in aromatic oils
-ringing church bells and firing cannons
-wearing talismans
-bathing in human urine
-placing dead animals in their dwellings
-bleeding from leeches and bloodletting,
-drinking the pus extracted from a suppurated bubo
-applying dried toads to relieve the pain of the buboes by absorbing the "poisons,"
-drinking liquid gold or powdered emeralds (only for the very rich)
-joining groups of flagellants.
- spread the disease more
Signs and symptoms:
One to six days after being bitten, the lymph nodes in the armpit and groin become tender
Swell (as large as an egg [1to 10 cm in diameter])
Swollen areas called buboes
Sometimes original bite site becomes infected
Not rare for the tissue to die
Other symptoms
Restlessness
Staggering gait
Mental confusion
Prostration
Delirium
Rapid pulse
Nausea
Aching of extremities and back
High fever
· Some cases the microbe proceeded straight to the blood stream · Septicemic plague can occur before the formation of buboes · Results in death before diagnosis · With septicemic- blood vessels pop and cause black rashes under the skin · Multiple system failure · Hemorrhagic illness (bleeding) · Death
Death rate: · All occurs within 3-7 days
- Mortality rate for untreated bubonic plague is 50-75%
Syphilis
Causes: · Spread by close personal contact · Open sores · Breaks in the skin · Sexual transmission · Vertical transmission ( mother to fetus) · Forms within two to ten weeks Signs and symptoms: Primary: · 1-3 months after exposer host experiences enlarged lymph nodes
Secondary: · a flu-like illness developes · sometimes immune system succeeds and there is spontaneous resolution · if microbes are not destroyed skin rash develops · patient is highly infectious · with time the organism disappears from secondary lesions and skin rash Tertiary Syphilis · some of the tresponems spread to other parts
- central nervous system · can multiply or stay dormant · can rage from mild skin rash to significant central nervous system involvement resulting in paralysis and death death rate: · 25% undergo spontaneous cure · 25% show no further symptoms
- remaining 50% go into tertiary
Cholera
Causes: · Transmitted through contaminated water · Cause infection only in humans · Bacteria binds to the inside of the small intestine and secrete a potent toxin · Alters the membrane transport mechanism · Draws water, chloride and sodium out of the gut Signs and symptoms: · Three stages Invasion · End of incubation period symptoms show up · Include: malaise, headache, severe diarrhea (rice water stool), anorexia and a slight fever · Results in loss of fluid and electrolytes · Causes hypovolemic shock, renal failure and cardiac failure, Collapse · Circulation almost completely arrested, accelerated breathing, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, and reduced or no urine output. · This stage lasts a few hours to a day or two · Mind remains clear until death · Coma occurs · Death can follow onset of symptoms after 6 hours Reaction · Sometimes symptoms stop Death rate: · 40-60% mortality rate if left untreated
Smallpox
Causes: · Caused by poxvirus · Spread from person to person through contact with skin lesions or via the respiratory tract
Signs and symptoms: · Two usual forms · Variola major and Variola minor · Minor causes sparse rash and low-grade fever · Extremely stable · Also two rare forms · Hemorrhagic and malignant · First causes subcutaneous bleeding · Both 100% fatal if left untreated
Death rate: · 20-40% depending on age and health
Bubonic Plague
Causes:· Rats are bitten by infected flea
· Flea regurgitates infected material while feeding
· Rat contracts a fatal disease called murine or silvatic Plague
· Rat dies, flea jumps to nearest warm-blooded host
· Human is bitten by infected flea
How it Spread
- people were unaware of the causes
-over crowded streets
- lack of hygene
- many people did these things to prevent them from getting the disease
-burning incense
-dipping handkerchiefs in aromatic oils
-ringing church bells and firing cannons
-wearing talismans
-bathing in human urine
-placing dead animals in their dwellings
-bleeding from leeches and bloodletting,
-drinking the pus extracted from a suppurated bubo
-applying dried toads to relieve the pain of the buboes by absorbing the "poisons,"
-drinking liquid gold or powdered emeralds (only for the very rich)
-joining groups of flagellants.
- spread the disease more
Signs and symptoms:
- One to six days after being bitten, the lymph nodes in the armpit and groin become tender
- Swell (as large as an egg [1to 10 cm in diameter])
- Swollen areas called buboes
- Sometimes original bite site becomes infected
- Not rare for the tissue to die
Other symptoms- Restlessness
- Staggering gait
- Mental confusion
- Prostration
- Delirium
- Rapid pulse
- Nausea
- Aching of extremities and back
- High fever
· Some cases the microbe proceeded straight to the blood stream· Septicemic plague can occur before the formation of buboes
· Results in death before diagnosis
· With septicemic- blood vessels pop and cause black rashes under the skin
· Multiple system failure
· Hemorrhagic illness (bleeding)
· Death
Death rate:
· All occurs within 3-7 days
- Mortality rate for untreated bubonic plague is 50-75%
Syphilis
Causes:· Spread by close personal contact
· Open sores
· Breaks in the skin
· Sexual transmission
· Vertical transmission ( mother to fetus)
· Forms within two to ten weeks
Signs and symptoms:
Primary:
· 1-3 months after exposer host experiences enlarged lymph nodes
Secondary:· a flu-like illness developes
· sometimes immune system succeeds and there is spontaneous resolution
· if microbes are not destroyed skin rash develops
· patient is highly infectious
· with time the organism disappears from secondary lesions and skin rash
Tertiary Syphilis
· some of the tresponems spread to other parts
in particular- mucous membranes
- liver
- eyes
- joints
- bones
- muscles
- central nervous system· can multiply or stay dormant
· can rage from mild skin rash to significant central nervous system involvement resulting in paralysis and death
death rate:
· 25% undergo spontaneous cure
· 25% show no further symptoms
- remaining 50% go into tertiary
Cholera
Causes:· Transmitted through contaminated water
· Cause infection only in humans
· Bacteria binds to the inside of the small intestine and secrete a potent toxin
· Alters the membrane transport mechanism
· Draws water, chloride and sodium out of the gut
Signs and symptoms:
· Three stages
Invasion
· End of incubation period symptoms show up
· Include: malaise, headache, severe diarrhea (rice water stool), anorexia and a slight fever
· Results in loss of fluid and electrolytes
· Causes hypovolemic shock, renal failure and cardiac failure,
Collapse
· Circulation almost completely arrested, accelerated breathing, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, and reduced or no urine output.
· This stage lasts a few hours to a day or two
· Mind remains clear until death
· Coma occurs
· Death can follow onset of symptoms after 6 hours
Reaction
· Sometimes symptoms stop
Death rate:
· 40-60% mortality rate if left untreated
Smallpox
Causes:· Caused by poxvirus
· Spread from person to person through contact with skin lesions or via the respiratory tract
Signs and symptoms:
· Two usual forms
· Variola major and Variola minor
· Minor causes sparse rash and low-grade fever
· Extremely stable
· Also two rare forms
· Hemorrhagic and malignant
· First causes subcutaneous bleeding
· Both 100% fatal if left untreated
Death rate:
· 20-40% depending on age and health
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/histepi.htm#intro